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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">(<span style=""> </span>Alfred
Zimmern<span style=""> </span>wrote an account of democracy in
Ancient Athens, <span style=""> </span>(500BC) in “The Greek
Commonwealth” published by OUP in 1911, It went through five editions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"><span style=""> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">Here are is an outline of the chapter on<span style=""> </span>“The Development of Citizenship-Self
Government or the Rule of the People”<span style="">
</span>(It s not easy reading so bear with me. There is more detail f it is of interest .JA)<span style=""> </span><span style=""></span></span></p><br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">It is a foolish idea<span style="">
</span>that the only public work that a democracy requires of its citizens is
an occasional vote<span style=""> </span>either in or for parliament.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">p160 “ But the most
important work of the deme was to supply manpower to the central state for
public work.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">(note that
‘dem(e)ocracy’`was not primarily a way of voting but of serving / working
for<span style=""> </span>the state.)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">So government does not
consist of rights but of something more practical – a governor is a man with a
job to perform not engaged in<span style=""> </span>exercising
rights but in carrying on public business. </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">So it was not the
ecclesia (the assembly) which<span style=""> </span>made
Athens a democracy, nor is it adult suffrage or the referendum which will make
England one, Democracy is meaningless unless it involves the <span style=""> </span>serious and steady co-operation<span style=""> </span>of large numbers of citizens in the actual
work of government.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">No state ever has
been<span style=""> </span>merely composed of citizens all of
whom have the leisure or desire<span style=""> </span>or the knowledge
to attend to public affairs . The Greek state differed from ours in enlisting
not all but a far larger proportion of<span style="">
</span>its representatives in active public work. </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">Whereas for us the few
do the work for the many, in fifth century </span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">Greece</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"> they did it for
themselves. </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">Democracy is based on
two simple ideas. </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">First </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">The people is under
its own laws , sovereign,<span style=""> </span>and the
peoples’ will, whether expressed in the assembly or the law courts is under the
law , supreme and responsible to none. </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">Secondly</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">As the people has many
other things to do<span style=""> </span>other than to
rule,<span style=""> </span>its work must be done by
representatives , as many as can be conveniently<span style=""> </span>secured,<span style="">
</span>subject at stated intervals to approval and correction. </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"><span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">Consider how it worked.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">Judicial</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">It was arranged that the demes should present 6000
judges,<span style=""> </span>600 from each tribe meeting centrally<span style=""> </span>then <span style=""> </span>drawing <span style=""> </span>lots as to whose services should be required
.<span style=""> </span>The demes Had got these candidates
from those <span style=""> </span>willing to serve<span style=""> </span>and then <span style=""> </span>they elected them.<span style=""> </span>When there were not enough for the business
judges were paid to attend. They were elected to serve for a year. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">Administration</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">Athens</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"> had no permanent civil service. All
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">Athens</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">’ important work was done by a<span style=""> </span>rapid succession of amateurs. On the
expressed theory that quick wits were worth more than<span style=""> </span>experience or routine.<span style=""> </span>These dilettante public servants held office
for a year<span style=""> </span>not a s single officials but
as members of a board . so as to assist in controlling one another.<span style=""> </span>Some of them were chosen by lot. – the nine
governors were chosen by lot from 500 candidates selected by the demes.<span style=""> </span>No officials were appointed by other
officials or by the government – for in </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">Athens</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"> there was no ‘government’.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"><span style=""> </span>As Theseus
said </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><i style="">The whole folk, year by year, in parity </i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"><span style=""> </span>Of service is the
king.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">The Council was the only<span style="">
</span>permanent force which kept the machine working.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">It consisted of 500<span style="">
</span>members<span style=""> </span>(fifty from each
tribe)<span style=""> </span>who were chosen by lot.<span style=""> </span>Out of candidates selected by the demes. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">The council had two-fold<span style="">
</span>functions………………..<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"><span style=""> </span>The council put into shape the business which
was to come before its sovereign and sent up the agenda .No decree could be
passed until it had been <span style=""> </span>through
committee. i.e.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>the committee was the<span style=""> </span>sovereign- the people.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">The council sat daily<span style="">
</span>to conduct business on behalf of the people between assembly and
assembly and anyone who wanted to have dealing with the sovereign,<span style=""> </span>from a foreign ambassador to a citizen with a
motion to move at the next assembly, <span style=""> </span>had
to appear before the councilors<span style=""> </span>For
these purposes the council was divided into ten sub-committees.<span style=""> </span>Each of whom was on duty for a tenth part of
the year</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">The council also managed the finances. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">( Not least important ,
the assembly met in the open air, and lay about in groups.<span style=""> </span>Imagine the contrast to the stuffy
atmosphere, exclusivity and ‘square’ environment of the chambers in the H of C </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"><span style=""> </span>in an old building enclosed by<span style=""> </span>stone walls, massive doors,<span style=""> </span>and high railings. And the whole protected
from </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">who ? the people! </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;">On a positive note , what a boost this would give to the
people to think they were involved, many and often daily,<span style=""> </span>in government. It would revolutionise our
education system , motivating each student, invite citizen participation<span style=""> </span>to quell trouble…<span style=""> </span>and end exploitation from monopolistic
corporations.<span style=""> </span><b style=""><span style=""> </span>JA)</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.25in;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Ariel;"> </span></b></p>
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