<br><div class="gmail_quote"><br>Hola LabsurLab, Unloquer, K0lab,<br><br>Me parece importante este mensaje que les reenvío aquí. Es para mandar una petición a las Naciones Unidas en la que se exija detener las fumigaciones aéreas en Colombia. Es un tema urgente para protejer la biodiversidad en las selvas del tropico de cancer y tropico de capricornio en territorio colombiano, américa del sur. Está muy bien escrito y argumentado. Esperando que sirva para algo, convencida que la voz de mucha gente todavía puede representar el cambio, distribuyanlo!<br>
<br>Me envió Johnatan Echeverri Zuluaga. Phd, profesor de antropología de la Universidad de Antioquia. <br><br>Paula<br><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"><div><div class="gmail_quote">
<div>
<div>
<div link="blue" vlink="purple" lang="EN-US">
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<p class="MsoNormal">To sign the petition please go to:
<a href="http://www.wola.org/highlight/petition_to_the_un_for_a_moratorium_on_aerial_spraying_in_colombia" target="_blank">http://www.wola.org/highlight/petition_to_the_un_for_a_moratorium_on_aerial_spraying_in_colombia</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Petition to the United Nations
Calling for a Moratorium on Aerial Spraying in
Colombia in Compliance with International Law and
Conventions</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Bogotá, December 4th 2012</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">His Excellency Ban Ki-moon</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Secretary-General of the United
Nations</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">New York</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">REF.: Aerial spraying to eradicate
crops used for illicit purposes in Colombia. In view
of the Colombian government’s failure to comply with
the International Conventions and Treaties subscribed
and, considering the health hazards, IHL and Human
Rights violations as well as the environmental risks
resulting from the aerial spraying of defoliants and
intensive and indiscriminate use of agroprecursors,
we the undersigned citizens and Social, Peace,
Environmental, Human Rights, Harm Reduction and
Drug-Policy Reform Movements and Organizations here
request that the United Nations mediate on our behalf
in Colombia in order to ensure that:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1. The attention of the
Santos Government be called to its obligation to
declare an immediate moratorium on fumigation until
the pertinent and autonomous humanitarian,
epidemiological, environmental, social and economic
studies addressing the impacts of aerial spraying
itself are carried out and reveal their findings.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2. The highly-questionable
aerial spraying eradication measure be removed from
the 2012 Drug Bill to be debated by the Colombian
Congress in March 2013 since this measure contravenes
existing legislation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3. The Santos government apply
stricter controls to the production, importation and
sale of agrochemical products since these are used as
agroprecursors to expand and increase the productivity
of drug crops.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Attached letter documenting the
reasons for this petition:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dear Mr. Secretary-General:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We are writing you out of
humanitarian considerations and in the face of the
numerous complaints regarding the health hazards,
environmental-impact, Human Rights and International
Humanitarian Law violations and the Colombian State’s
failure to comply with the Nation’s 1991 Political
Constitution and its reservations [1] with regard to
the 1988 Vienna Convention against Illicit Traffic in
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. We
therefore appeal to you, and through your good offices
to the International Community and international
bodies in charge of protecting Human Rights, and
dealing with the causes of internal refugees,
displaced populations, environmental protection and
limitations to the use of chemical weapons, to
intervene before the governments of Colombia and the
United States requesting, demanding, that they comply
with the Treaties, Conventions and Protocols to which
their States are parties.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One of Colombia’s reservations to
the Vienna Convention is expressed by the
Constitutional Court Ruling No. C-176/94 as follows:
“...the Colombian State should reserve itself the
right to assess the ecological impact of drug control
policies since persecuting the narcotics traffic
cannot be translated into a disregard of the Colombian
State’s obligation to protect the environment, not
only for present generations but for future
generations as well.” [2] This ruling clearly orders
the Colombian governments to assess the repercussions
of hazardous antinarcotics measures. It also reaffirms
the Constitutional Principle according to which duly
ratified Environmental, Human Rights, IHL, ENMOD and
CWC international treaties prevail over domestic
policies and measures.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The United Nations, the European
Union as well as the Colombian[3] and United States
Congresses[4] have on various occasions expressed
their apprehension regarding the negative effects of
the Aerial Eradication Program with defoliants.
Nevertheless, the Colombian governments, under the
insistence of the United States and with its
endorsement, have persisted in applying a policy which
is clearly hazardous and shown to be ineffective for
the eradication purposes proposed.[5]On his Mission to
Ecuador in May 2007, Paul Hunt, the UN Special
Rapporteur on the Right to the Highest Attainable
Standard of Health found and informed that: "There is
credible, reliable evidence that the aerial spraying
of glyphosate along the Colombia-Ecuador border
damages the physical health of people living in
Ecuador. There is also credible, reliable evidence
that the aerial spraying damages their mental health.
Military helicopters sometimes accompany the aerial
spraying and the entire experience can be terrifying,
especially for children.”[6] The UNODC itself clearly
states that: “UNODC neither participates nor
supervises aerial spraying activities”.[7] The
European Union has been warning Colombia for years:
“..the European Union has had the opportunity to
express its position to Colombian authorities, and in
particular to express doubts about the effectiveness
of the measure. ... The EU has also pointed out to
Colombian authorities the danger of a negative impact
of the aerial spraying on past and future EU
cooperation projects.”[8] It has also recently
reaffirmed the need to carry out independent —of US
and Colombian authorities— monitoring of fumigation
under UN and PAHO supervision.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Colombia is currently the only
country in the world that sprays from the air potent
chemical mixtures as State policy and as a war
measure. Fumigation measures were first applied in
Colombia in 1978 in accordance with US persuasion that
the Drug War could be waged by attacking crops through
the use of chemicals outside of the US. The US’s
proactive role in fumigation in Colombia has been
thoroughly acknowledged by, among others, its own
official documents.[9] The first fumigations in
Colombia were carried out by experimenting with highly
dangerous chemicals, among others, Paraquat. Despite
the fact that information according to which “the
spraying of marijuana with paraquat is likely to cause
serious harm to the health of persons who may consume
the sprayed marijuana” [10]conveyed in 1979 by Health
Education and Welfare (HEW) Secretary, Joseph
Califano, led to abandonment of US aerial spraying in
Mexico, this did not stop the US from making aerial
spraying of Parquat in Colombia a Drug War condition.
The aerial use of the pulmonary toxin Paraquat is
currently banned world-wide. Colombia and the US have
experimented with a series of chemicals. According to
a 1996 Commission on Narcotics Drugs (CND) report:
“Glyphosate has been applied to all three plants, and
2,4-D [component of Agent Orange, out of text] to
opium poppy, both in the form of liquid sprays. For
coca bush, tebuthiuron and hexazinone, which are
granular and applied by aerial distribution, have been
used, and for cannabis plant, the liquid spray 2 ,4 ,5
,7 - tetrabromofluorescein, known as Eosine Yellowish,
although the latter can cause some browning of leaves
of adjacent vegetation.”[11]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to the scarce
public-official information available, the chemical
used since 1984 is Glyphosate (Monsanto’s Roundup
Ultra) the toxic surfactant POEA compounded by the
coadjuvants Cosmo-Flux 411F and CosmoInD used to
render four times more potent the corrosive effect of
Roundup. Yet there persists a reasonable doubt as to
what we are being fumigated with. In 1988, Eli Lilly
refused to let its herbicide, tebuthiuron be used for
coca spraying stating that it had not been tested in
tropical environments and it feared all sorts of law
suits. Nevertheless, there are references to the fact
that the highly dangerous tebuthiuron has been used on
Colombians. A FOIA of a July 1997 CIA document reveals
that, as per USDA experimentation in Peru and Panamá,
Colombia had acquiesced to the “pilot program for the
use of the granular herbicide tebuthiuron in the
eradication of coca”. [12]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Apparently, another chemical
experimented with is Imazapyr, which poses high risks
to rare and endangered plants.[13] Proof of the total
lack of transparency regarding the chemicals
themselves and the fact that, despite their denial,
the chemicals fumigated by the United States and
Colombian government affect the nation’s water sources
and food crops, is a recent State Council ruling. In
January 2012 the Colombian State Council condemned the
Nation, the Defense Ministry and National Police for
damages to staple food crops and water sources and
farm animals fumigated with Gramaxone (Paraquat) in
1997.[14] In the transboundary pollution and
human-harm claim Ecuador vs. Colombia at the
International Court of Justice (ICJ), the Colombian
government refused to disclose the exact chemical
makeup of its fumigation mixture. According to studies
carried out in 2001 by the agronomist, biologist and
chemical expert Elsa Nivia, the glyphosate
concentration in the formula being used in Colombia is
26 times more potent than that allowed and used
anywhere else. [15]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">At present, December 2012, public
controversy between the US and Colombian Police brings
to light the fact that what counts —that which is
certified by the US— is that the Glyphosate fumigated
on Colombians should be Monsanto at 12 liters/ha and
not a generic Chinese brand. [16] The US defends the
use of their brand of Glyphosate and sustains that
their product is "less toxic than table salt and
aspirin”[17] and, the US government’s private Dyncorp
aerial spraying contractors, certify that fields are
not sprayed when people are present, Pictures taken
during fumigation operations show this to be false.
International organizations reveal that local
communities are not forewarned and much less
consulted, in clear violation of the ILO Convention
No. 169 as substantiated by several Constitutional
Court Rulings.[18] Scientists warn the use of any
agrochemical will make farmers more dependent on this
particular agrotoxin. In soils saturated with this
particular pesticide, there will most probably be a
need to cultivate crops resistant to this product
which in this case are Glyphosate-incorporated GMOs,
for which the 108,000 hectares already planted in
Colombia are clearing the way. Studies also indicate
the risk of transgene flow to other plants, thus
endangering Colombia’s biodiversity.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Colombian and US governments
justify fumigation in Colombia with the argument that
the narcotics traffic uses polluting precursors and
growers use fertilizers and herbicides; suggesting
that two wrongs make a right.[19] There is literature
to suggest that (any brand) glyphosate used for
agricultural purposes can cause chronic health effects
and birth defects when administered at high doses over
prolonged periods.[20] In Colombia, where the same
field may be sprayed up to four or more times and
millions of hectares have been sprayed for over three
decades this risk seems extremely high. Glyphosate is
sprayed indiscriminately over vast areas all over the
country and has been proven to have killed
non-targeted vegetation. It has inevitably thus
destroyed endangered species, and fish and aquatic
invertebrates are highly sensitive to glyphosate and
its formulations. Findings by Danish researchers on
the fact that Glyphosate is washed down into the upper
ground water and not, as previously believed, that
bacteria in the soil broke down the glyphosate before
it reached the ground water, led the Danish government
to ban the use of glyphosate in 2003[21]. In Germany,
a 2012 university study found significant
concentrations of glyphosate in the urine samples of
city dwellers with concentrations of glyphosate at 5
to 20 times the limit for drinking water.[22] Health
reports in eastern Venezuela in 2009 indicate that the
higher incidence of birth defects in this region,
comparable only to those in Colombia, might be due to
the toxic chemicals coming in rivers that pass through
Colombia.[23]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Although Colombian peasants and
indigenous peoples consistently complain[24] not only
of water pollution, cattle poisoning, the loss of food
crops, abortions and birth defects in both humans and
animals after fumigation operations, but also of skin
rashes, respiratory problems, diarrhea, decreased
weight gain in infants, nasal discharge and digestive
disorders, among others, the fact is that, after
34-years of non-stop aerial spraying, no one really
knows the mixtures, formulas, concentration, and
volumes of the chemicals sprayed on our peoples,
territories and water sources. As concerns the period
from 1978 to 1995, apart from the prior and latter
warnings issued by the National Health Institute[25],
the National Resources Institute[26], the Office of
the Ombudsman[27] and numerous social and
environmental organizations, there is practically no
available official information on where and what we
were sprayed with. As to the extension of fumigation,
UNODC figures reveal that only during the last sixteen
years, between 1995 and 2011, the United States and
Colombia sprayed more than 1,652,840 hectares[28] out
of the 114 million hectares that make up the territory
of a total of 48 million Colombians.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In spite of unceasing scientific
warnings, the Colombian government persists in this
failed measure despite the fact that the only studies
that support fumigation were carried out in 2005 and
2009[29], (only 27 and 31 years after the first
sprayings) and were done by the Inter-American Drug
Abuse Commission (CICAD, Spanish acronym) whose sole
role is to counter, by any and all means, the abuse of
drugs by 15 to 39 million individuals out of the 230
million voluntary drug users world-wide. CICAD
researcher Keith Salomon’s statement in 2005 that the
situation, the exposure, is “considerably below
thresholds of concern”[30] added to his 2009
assertion, as informed by the US Embassy, that
“Glyphosate spraying for coca control in Colombia
poses negligible risk to humans and the environment”,
[31] is far from consistent with what Colombians live
and suffer on a daily basis. What’s even more
horrifying is Solomon’s announcement of the
possibility of further human experimentation: “Should
the glyphosate product require changing, Roundup
Biactive may be considered. Should the adjuvant
require changing, then on the basis of this research,
Silwet L-77 and Mixture B would be good candidates for
further evaluation”.[32] This, added to the United
States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research
Service 2009-2014 study at DNA Fingerprinting of Coca
Leaves to Establish Coca Genotypes in Colombia, is a
justified source of concern for Colombia.[33]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Aerial spraying is one of the main
causes of criminal forced internal displacement in
Colombia[34] and the ensuing dispossession of
small-peasant lands by the armed groups[35] serving
large narco landowners. It strengthens the drug
traffic and the armed control it exerts over small
crop growers who have thus been abandoned and
persecuted by the State. Fumigation is a Drug War
measure which, in clear violation of IHL, is directed
against unarmed peasants who are in no way part of the
hostilities. It aggravates the existing
vulnerabilities of the Colombian peasantry at large
and fuels Colombia’s internal strife. Small-crop
growers are not a part of the narcotics traffic. The
peasants that cultivate these crops do so out of need
in a country where social injustice is comparable to
that of Haiti and Angola. According to the UNODC, the
average size of coca fields in 2011 is 0.67 has. The
average net income per hectare of coca for a grower is
equivalent to US$294 per month.[36] Thus, a peasant
family of 4 lives on less than USD $200/month which is
even less than the legal minimum wage in Colombia. And
yet they are persecuted as part of the drug traffic.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">UNODC surveys inform that cutbacks
on the use of agrochemicals, those same chemicals used
by the government with the stated intention of
eradicating, contribute to reducing crop productivity.
The agroprecursors used by the Colombian government as
well as those used by crop growers are toxic, as
proven by past and recent studies such as those on
GMOs and Glyphosate carried out by Caen University of
Professor Séralini [Tous Cobayes? 2012].[37] Not only
have the US and Colombian governments paid no heed to
scientific and social warnings but, in line with the
illegitimacy of this measure, when local communities
protest, they are accused of being allied with the
guerilla forces and narcotics traffic[38] and, when
they complain of the health and environmental damages
suffered, the entity who receives and decides on the
complaints (only receivable since 2001) is the same
entity that fumigates: “The National Drugs Directorate
(DNE) and the Anti-narcotics Department of the
National Police are the authorities in charge of
receiving and processing the claims lodged” [Res. 017
2001][39]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Coca, marihuana and poppy do not
just grow organically anywhere. They thrive and expand
with the use of fertilizers and herbicides. Totally
disregarding that the intensive and indiscriminate use
of agroprecursors is instrumental to the establishment
and expansion of these crops, the 2007 Agricultural
Ministry’s “Basis for the Design of an Agrochemical
Price Policy”, limits itself to making sure that the
prices of the agroprecursor market are kept as
competitive and low as possible.[40] Juan Manuel
Santos’s Government, instead of reducing to a minimum
the Value Added Taxes (VAT) on chemical fertilizers
and herbicides (as it recently did with the December
2012 Tax Reform), should consider the
increased-productivity and expanding effect that these
agroprecursors have had to the detriment of the fight
against drug trafficking. The first fumigations in
Colombia were carried out with the aim of chemically
eradicating 19,000 has of marihuana[41] in a UNESCO
Biosphere Reserve [designated 1979] when coca in
Colombia was limited to Indigenous religious and
eating habits and poppy was but a flower. Today, after
having spilled millions and millions of liters of
chemical mixtures the length and breadth of Colombia’s
national territory, there are 64,000 has de coca, 338
has of poppy and an unestimated number of hectares of
marijuana. Questions may reasonably be raised on the
role played by aerial spraying, as well as poverty and
the lack of voluntary eradication alternatives, in the
expansion of crops used for illicit purposes in
Colombia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As pointed out by Colombian Courts
and social and local community proposals, the
Colombian government has the obligation to value its
legacy of one of the Planet’s most biodiverse and
fragile ecosystems by undertaking sustainable and
productive voluntary eradication strategies of crops
used for illicit purposes. It should consider the
possibility of taking advantage of the medical,
nutritional and industrial uses of the Coca Leaf in
compliance with the Constitutional Court’s
consideration that “the coca leaf could have legal
alternative commercial uses which could precisely
serve to contain the expansion of the narcotics
traffic”. Attempts at limiting the sale of the coca
products produced by the Indigenous communities to
their own territories, as the 2012 Drug Bill[42]
pretends to ordain and as the National Drug Office
(DNE)[43] , in response to foreign intervention, has
attempted to impose, is not only counterproductive and
opposed to common sense, but also clearly in violation
of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples which protects “their right to
development in accordance with their own needs and
interests”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Throughout these 34 years, aerial
spraying has been applied and sanctioned by
Administrative Regulations and environmental norms
that are basically passed after the fact. This year,
however, the Colombian government drafted the 2012
Drug Bill[44] which proposes making aerial spraying
for crop eradication a law. Juan Manuel Santos´s
Government should learn from past mistakes and abstain
from incorporating aerial spraying measures in the new
Drug Bill. It should declare a moratorium on
fumigation until it has been thoroughly, legally and
scientifically proven that this measure is completely
safe, effective and compliant with international
norms. Studies should be carried out on aerial
spraying itself, with social and economic
drug-considerations, but not to the exclusion of other
important factors such as humanitarian, health,
environmental impacts, Human Rights and IHL, as well
as the impact of fumigation on Colombia’s future trade
potential. Colombia should safeguard its own national
legitimate interests in an environmentally-oriented
world by promoting sustainable eradication formulas
within a framework of international co-responsibility
and its right to the nonintervention of other states
in its sovereign right to protect and make decent and
sustainable use of its natural and human resources for
the benefit of all of Humanity.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In consideration of all of the
above mentioned, and further substantial arguments, we
hereby request that the Honorable Secretary Ban
Ki-moon mediate with President Juan Manuel Santos so
that the Colombian government might respect existing
legislation and, in compliance with the Precautionary
Principle, the Convention on Biological Diversity, The
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, the 1972 Stockholm
Declaration and 1992 Rio Declaration on Human and
Sustainable Development, refrain from continuing to
fumigate the Colombian people, until studies are
carried out and alternative measures are designed and
developed so that eradication may be carried out in a
manner that respects their Human Rights. We the
undersigned expect that the national and international
backing received and the positioning of international
bodies in favor of our plea may be given the
consideration they deserve on the part of those
charged with overseeing compliance to international
norms and that they call the Colombian government’s
attention to repercussions for the Peace Tables to End
the Conflict and the humanitarian implications of
spraying defoliants on the defenseless civilian
population which it has vowed to protect.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sincerely,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Copies to:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
· President Juan Manuel Santos</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· President Barack Obama</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
· United Nations Environmental Programme / Law
and Conventions -DELC</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">· UN
Refugee Agency (ACNUR) Colombia: Calle 113 #7-21
Torre A of. 6001 Bta.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">·
Haute Représentante de l'Union pour les affaires
étrangères et la politique de
sécurité/vice-présidente de la Commission /
Catherine Ashton</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· World Health Organization
(WHO)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Pan-American Health
Organization (PAHO) Teofilo Monteiro Cra 7 #74-21 p.9</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· UNODC Representative for
Colombia /Bo Mathiasen</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· International Court of
Justice/ The Hague</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Inter-American Court of
Human Rights</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Union of South American
Nations (UNASUR)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· UNESCO United Nations
Scientific, Educational and Cultural Organization</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
· Human Rights –Ombudsman Colombia/Jorge
Armando Otálora</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· First Commission of the
Col0mbian Chamber of Representatives /German Navas
Talero</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">·
Congreso de Colombia / Juan Manuel Galán</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Dialogue Tables to
Promote a Peaceful End to the Conflict in Colombia</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· United States Congress
/Congressman James McGovern (D –MA)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Ministry of Health and
Social Protection /Alejandro Gaviria</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Ministry of Justice and
Law / Ruth Stella Correa</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development /Juan Camilo Restrepo</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Ministry of Foreign
Affairs /María Ángela Holguín</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Ministry of the Interior
/Fernando Carrillo Flórez</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Ministry of Commerce,
Industry and Turism /Sergio Diazgranados</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Norwegian Agency for
Development and Cooperation (NORAD)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)/Daniel Brombacher</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">·
Comité international de la Croix- Rouge / Jordi Curó
Raich</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Inter-American Drug Abuse
Control Commission (CICAD) / Javier Sagredo</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">· Keith Solomon -University
of Guelph Canada</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[1] <a href="http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXIII%7E1&chapter=23&Temp=mtdsg3&lang=en" target="_blank">http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXIII~1&chapter=23&Temp=mtdsg3&lang=en</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[2] <a href="http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/1994/C-176-94.htm" target="_blank">http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/1994/C-176-94.htm</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[3] <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Fumigas/Actas_Congreso_de_la_Republica/Sesion_Cultivos_Ilicitos.htm" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Fumigas/Actas_Congreso_de_la_Republica/Sesion_Cultivos_Ilicitos.htm</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[4] Jeremy Bigwood: Toxic Drift,
Mosanto and the Drug War in Colombia, <a href="http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=669" target="_blank">http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=669</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[5] Alexander Rincón, Giorgos
Kallis: The Distributive effects of aerial spraying
policy in Colombia: Reduction of coca crops and
socio-ecological impacts in vulnerable communities: <a href="http://www.isee2012.org/anais/pdf/1133.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.isee2012.org/anais/pdf/1133.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[6] <a href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=2304&LangID=E" target="_blank">http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=2304&LangID=E</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[7] <a href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/crop-monitoring/Colombia/Colombia_Coca_cultivation_survey_2011.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.unodc.org/documents/crop-monitoring/Colombia/Colombia_Coca_cultivation_survey_2011.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[8] <a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2001:187E:0164:0165:EN:PDF" target="_blank">http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2001:187E:0164:0165:EN:PDF</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[9] <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Documentacion_cronologica_de_las_fumigaciones_en_Colombia_1978-2012.html" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Documentacion_cronologica_de_las_fumigaciones_en_Colombia_1978-2012.html</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[10] <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1650884/pdf/amjph00642-0064.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1650884/pdf/amjph00642-0064.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[11] <a href="http://www.unodc.org/pdf/document_1996-03-01_2.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.unodc.org/pdf/document_1996-03-01_2.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[12] <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Fumigas/CIA-FOIA_The%20Narcotics%20Monitor_15julio%201997.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Fumigas/CIA-FOIA_The%20Narcotics%20Monitor_15julio%201997.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[13]“The latest decision of the
Colombian government to adopt Imazapyr as the only
granular herbicide for testing was one more indication
that the Colombians did the minimum, often dragged
their feet and appeared, at least to the U.S.G., no to
be cooperative.” <a href="http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB69/col36.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB69/col36.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[14]
18001-23-31-000-1999-00397-01(22219)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[15] “..with glyphosate
concentrations 26 times higher than those normally
recommended is being applied through aerial spraying—
acute toxic effects of contact as well as glyphosate's
penetration and systemic action might be dramatically
increased”. <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/feb2002/art_nivia_fumigaciones_si_son_peligrosas_en.html" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/feb2002/art_nivia_fumigaciones_si_son_peligrosas_en.html</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[16] <a href="http://www.elespectador.com/impreso/temadeldia/articulo-370286-el-glifosato-chino-de-policia" target="_blank">http://www.elespectador.com/impreso/temadeldia/articulo-370286-el-glifosato-chino-de-policia</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[17] Audrey Liounis and Murray Cox
: Silk for Cocaine and the Use of Herbicides in
Colombia <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Cifras_cuadro_mamacoca/Audrey_Liounis_and_Murray_Cox_Silk_for_cocaine_and_the_use_of_herbicides_in_Colombia_1992.html" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Cifras_cuadro_mamacoca/Audrey_Liounis_and_Murray_Cox_Silk_for_cocaine_and_the_use_of_herbicides_in_Colombia_1992.html</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">US Department of Agriculture:
Glyphosate: a once-in-a-century herbicide “Glyphosate
is less acutely toxic than common chemicals such as
sodium chloride or aspirin...” <a href="http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/17918/PDF" target="_blank">http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/17918/PDF</a>
2007 Coincidentally, aspirin is said to cause 4 times
more overdoses than any other legal or illegal drug on
the market.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">[18] Juan
Carlos Rincón: Línea jurisprudencial sobre la
consulta previa a comunidades indígenas en Colombia
<a href="http://jkrincon.com/2010/09/02/linea-jurisprudencial-sobre-la-consula-previa-a-comunidades-indigenas-en-colombia/" target="_blank">http://jkrincon.com/2010/09/02/linea-jurisprudencial-sobre-la-consula-previa-a-comunidades-indigenas-en-colombia/</a>
SU-383 de 2003, Sentencia T-376/12 and other.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[19] “When these risks are compared
to other risks associated with the clearing of land,
the uncontrolled and unmonitored risks of use of other
pesticides to protect the coca and poppy, and exposure
to substances used in the refining of the raw
product into cocaine and heroin, they are essentially
negligible.” <a href="http://www.cicad.oas.org/en/glifosatefinalreport.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.cicad.oas.org/en/glifosatefinalreport.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[20] <a href="http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/agriculture/2011/363%20-%20GlyphoReportDEF-LR.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/agriculture/2011/363%20-%20GlyphoReportDEF-LR.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[21] <a href="http://www.gene.ch/genet/2003/Jul/msg00072.html" target="_blank">http://www.gene.ch/genet/2003/Jul/msg00072.html</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[22] <a href="http://www.gmwatch.org/latest-listing/1-news-items/14040" target="_blank">http://www.gmwatch.org/latest-listing/1-news-items/14040</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[23] <a href="http://bibmed.ucla.edu.ve/DB/bmucla/edocs/textocompleto/TWL101DV4R46f2009.pdf" target="_blank">http://bibmed.ucla.edu.ve/DB/bmucla/edocs/textocompleto/TWL101DV4R46f2009.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[24] <a href="http://www.nasaacin.org/attachments/article/5059/Acci%C3%B3n%20Urgente_Fumigaciones_Comunidad_Novita_Choc%C3%B3.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.nasaacin.org/attachments/article/5059/Acción%20Urgente_Fumigaciones_Comunidad_Novita_Chocó.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[25] <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Fumigas/Recomendaciones_Comite_de_Expertos_Herbicidas_1984_Lacera1995.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Fumigas/Recomendaciones_Comite_de_Expertos_Herbicidas_1984_Lacera1995.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[26] <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Fumigas/Carta_al_cne_del_inderena_junio_18_1978.html" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Fumigas/Carta_al_cne_del_inderena_junio_18_1978.html</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[27] <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/junio2001/defensoria_al_dia.htm" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/junio2001/defensoria_al_dia.htm</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">/<a href="http://www.rds.org.co/aa/img_upload/4511420d3e057b82d476661a73bb159c/fumigacionesputu.doc" target="_blank">http://www.rds.org.co/aa/img_upload/4511420d3e057b82d476661a73bb159c/fumigacionesputu.doc</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">“La fumigación
aérea presenta muchos riesgos para el ambiente y
para la salud humana » <a href="http://defensoria.org.co/pdf/resoluciones/defensorial/defensorial11.pdf" target="_blank">http://defensoria.org.co/pdf/resoluciones/defensorial/defensorial11.pdf</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"><a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/junio2001/carta_defensoria_suspension_fumigaciones.htm" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/junio2001/carta_defensoria_suspension_fumigaciones.htm</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Aerial Eradication Strategy
form a Cnsitutional Perspective: <a href="http://www.defensoria.org.co/pdf/informes/informe_92.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.defensoria.org.co/pdf/informes/informe_92.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">[28] UNODC
Colombia Coca Cultivation Surveys</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">[29] <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19672767" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19672767</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">[30] <a href="http://www.cicad.oas.org/en/glifosatefinalreport.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.cicad.oas.org/en/glifosatefinalreport.pdf</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">[31] <a href="http://bogota.usembassy.gov/pr_56_030909.html" target="_blank">http://bogota.usembassy.gov/pr_56_030909.html</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">[32] <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19672761" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19672761</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD">[33] <a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?accn_no=416471" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/projects/projects.htm?accn_no=416471</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ES-TRAD"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[34] Betsy March Going to Extremes,
LAWG: <a href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpDocuments%29/C53E09CDB47BDF9BC12571480039EA14/$file/Going2ExtremesFinal.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/C53E09CDB47BDF9BC12571480039EA14/$file/Going2ExtremesFinal.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[35] <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Fumigas/03%20Drug%20Business%20and%20Society.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Fumigas/03%20Drug%20Business%20and%20Society.pdf</a>
Taken from: <a href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/" target="_blank">http://www.isn.ethz.ch/</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[36] idem.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[37] All of Us Guinea-Pigs Now?<a href="http://www.criigen.org/SiteEn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=372&Itemid=130" target="_blank">http://www.criigen.org/SiteEn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=372&Itemid=130</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[38] ..”so as not to give the
narcos and the guerrillas, who had inspired the
peasant demonstrations, the belief that by arranging
demonstrations they could stop or even slow down the
drug eradication program.” <a href="http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB69/col36.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB69/col36.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[39] <a href="http://www.cicad.oas.org/Fortalecimiento_Institucional/ESP/Leyes%20para%20el%202007/COResolucion_017_01.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.cicad.oas.org/Fortalecimiento_Institucional/ESP/Leyes%20para%20el%202007/COResolucion_017_01.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[40] <a href="http://www.minagricultura.gov.co/archivos/informe_final_estudio.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.minagricultura.gov.co/archivos/informe_final_estudio.pdf</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[41] <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/Imagenes/ANIF_Cuadro_produccion_comercio_marihuana_Colombia_1980.bmp" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/Imagenes/ANIF_Cuadro_produccion_comercio_marihuana_Colombia_1980.bmp</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[42] <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Legislacion_tematica/Estatuto_de_Drogas-Pproyecto_de_ley_no_2012_.html" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Legislacion_tematica/Estatuto_de_Drogas-Pproyecto_de_ley_no_2012_.html</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[43] <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Consumo/Invima_ordena_recoger_coca_sana_2.doc" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Consumo/Invima_ordena_recoger_coca_sana_2.doc</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">[44] <a href="http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Legislacion_tematica/Estatuto_de_Drogas-Proyecto_de_ley_no_2012_.html" target="_blank">http://www.mamacoca.org/docs_de_base/Legislacion_tematica/Estatuto_de_Drogas-Proyecto_de_ley_no_2012_.html</a>
/ Consulted in November 2012 at: <a href="http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/ARCHIVO/ARCHIVO-12250125-0.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/ARCHIVO/ARCHIVO-12250125-0.pdf</a></p><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888">
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
</p>
</font></span></div><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888">
</font></span></div><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888">
</font></span></div><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888">
</font></span></div><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"></font></span><span class="HOEnZb"></span><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888"></font></span><span class="HOEnZb"></span></div></div></div></div>
<span class="HOEnZb"></span></div>